Concept glossary
The terms behind the evidence
Compounds, biomarkers, methodologies, and more — translated into plain language so the rest of the research actually makes sense.
170 concepts
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New 25 Vitamin D
OH
Biomarker · Mar 21, 2026
Blood test result that shows your vitamin D stores over time
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New Absolute Basophil Count
Lab interpretation · May 15, 2026
The number of basophils, a rare type of white blood cell, in blood.
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New Absolute Lymphocyte Count
Lab interpretation · Apr 29, 2026
The number of lymphocytes actually circulating in your blood.
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New Absolute Monocyte Count
Lab interpretation · Apr 17, 2026
A blood test result that counts one type of cleanup white cell
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New Absolute Neutrophil Count
Lab interpretation · Mar 28, 2026
The neutrophil number on a blood test that shows infection defense.
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New Adaptogen
Supplement category · Apr 24, 2026
A broad term for herbs sold to help the body handle stress.
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New Adaptogenic Mushroom
Supplement category · Feb 23, 2026
A label for mushroom supplements marketed to support stress resilience.
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New Albumin/Globulin Ratio
Lab interpretation · Apr 10, 2026
A routine blood test that compares two main protein groups
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New Allocation Concealment
Methodology · Jun 26, 2026
Keeps the next trial group hidden from the person enrolling participants
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New AMPK Activation
Biological process · Mar 29, 2026
A cell’s emergency energy saving response when fuel runs low
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New Anti-inflammatory
Supplement category · Apr 3, 2026
A broad label for products meant to reduce inflammation
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New ApoB
Biomarker · Mar 13, 2026
A blood marker showing how many artery-risk particles are circulating.
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New Area Under the Curve
AUC
Concept · Mar 28, 2026
The total area under a graph line, showing overall exposure or ranking ability.
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New Aromatization
Biological process · May 6, 2026
The process that turns certain androgens into estrogens through an enzyme.
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New AST/ALT Ratio
Biomarker · Apr 21, 2026
A blood test result that compares two liver enzymes.
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New Autophagy
Biological process · Mar 4, 2026
A cell's routine cleanup and recycling process for damaged parts.
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New Bioavailability
Methodology · Apr 1, 2026
How much of a dose actually reaches your bloodstream
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New Blinding
Single, Double, Triple
Methodology · Mar 15, 2026
A study setup that keeps people from knowing which group they got.
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New Blood-Brain Barrier
Biological process · Apr 5, 2026
A selective filter in brain blood vessel walls that controls entry.
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New BUN/Creatinine Ratio High
Lab interpretation · May 2, 2026
A blood test pattern that often points to dehydration.
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New BUN/Creatinine Ratio Interpretation
Lab interpretation · May 15, 2026
A lab ratio that helps explain why kidney markers changed.
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New C-reactive protein
Biomarker · Apr 13, 2026
A blood test marker that rises when inflammation is present.
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New Certificate of Analysis
COA
Certification · May 23, 2026
A lab report for one specific product batch.
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New cGMP
Current Good Manufacturing Practice
Certification · May 2, 2026
Factory rules that control how products are made and checked.
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New Chronobiology
Scientific field · Apr 3, 2026
The study of how your body keeps daily time.
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New Cmax
Peak Concentration
Concept · Feb 26, 2026
The highest measured blood or plasma level reached after a dose.
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New Cohen's d
Methodology · Apr 22, 2026
A number that shows how far apart two group averages are.
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New Confidence Interval
Methodology · Mar 30, 2026
A study estimate with a range that shows how uncertain it is.
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New Confounding
Methodology · Apr 27, 2026
A hidden factor that distorts the link between cause and result
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New Cortisol Awakening Response
CAR
Biomarker · Apr 19, 2026
The morning rise in cortisol after you wake up
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New Creatine HCl
Compound · Jun 17, 2026
A creatine form that mixes more easily in water.
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New Creatine Loading
Concept · May 9, 2026
A short dosing phase that fills muscle creatine stores faster.
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New Crossover Study Design
Methodology · Jun 28, 2026
A trial that compares multiple treatments in the same people.
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New DHEA-S
Biomarker · Apr 25, 2026
A long lasting blood measure of hormone production from the adrenal glands.
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New DIAAS
Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score
Concept · May 20, 2026
A score that shows how well a protein supplies usable amino acids.
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New Dose-Response Relationship
Concept · Feb 20, 2026
How the effect changes as the dose changes.
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New Electrolytes
Nutrient category · Jun 14, 2026
Charged minerals that help control fluid, nerve, and muscle function.
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New Enteric Coating
Chemical form · May 15, 2026
A pill coating that keeps medicine intact until the intestine.
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New Enterohepatic Recirculation
Biological process · May 3, 2026
A loop that sends some compounds from liver to gut and back.
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New Epigenetic Modification
Biological process · Apr 9, 2026
Chemical changes that alter how cells read their genes.
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New Ergogenic Aid
Supplement category · May 11, 2026
Any method or product that is meant to improve performance.
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New Essential Amino Acids
EAAs
Nutrient category · Jun 16, 2026
Nine amino acids your body cannot make and must get from food.
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New Fasting Insulin
Biomarker · May 6, 2026
A blood test that shows how much insulin your body needs while fasting
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New Fat-Soluble Vitamins
A, D, E, K
Nutrient category · Jun 15, 2026
Vitamins absorbed with fat and stored in body tissues longer.
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New Ferroptosis
Biological process · May 1, 2026
A cell death process driven by iron and damaged membrane fats.
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New First-Pass Metabolism
Concept · Apr 7, 2026
It is early gut and liver processing of swallowed compounds.
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New Fructosamine
Biomarker · May 1, 2026
A blood test marker that shows recent changes in glucose.
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New Fructosamine Test
Lab interpretation · May 15, 2026
A blood marker that shows recent changes in blood sugar
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New Funnel Plot
Methodology · Mar 14, 2026
A chart that shows whether study results are missing on one side.
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New Galactagogue
Supplement category · Apr 16, 2026
A product or medicine used to try increasing breast milk supply.
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New Glucuronidation
Biological process · Mar 23, 2026
A tagging step that helps the body clear certain substances.
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New Glutathione Synthesis
Biological process · Jun 27, 2026
How cells make their main internal antioxidant from three amino acids.
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New Glymphatic System
Biological process · Mar 11, 2026
Brain fluid cleanup that helps clear waste, mostly during sleep.
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New Grip Strength
Biomarker · May 7, 2026
A quick test of how hard you can squeeze with one hand.
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New Gut-Brain Axis
Biological process · Jun 18, 2026
Communication that runs in both directions between your gut and brain.
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New Half-life
Concept · Apr 29, 2026
The time it takes for an amount to drop by half
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New HbA1c
Biomarker · Apr 9, 2026
A test that shows your average blood sugar over the last few months
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New Heterogeneity
I²
Methodology · Apr 29, 2026
A number showing how much study results disagree with one another.
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New High Albumin/Globulin Ratio
Lab interpretation · Mar 3, 2026
A blood test result that shows protein balance in your blood.
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New High Alkaline Phosphatase
ALP
Lab interpretation · Apr 5, 2026
A blood marker that can point to bile ducts or bone.
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New High Apolipoprotein B
Lab interpretation · Mar 2, 2026
Too many cholesterol carrying particles in the blood
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New High BUN
Elevated Blood Urea Nitrogen
Lab interpretation · May 15, 2026
A blood waste marker that rises with dehydration and protein breakdown
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New High BUN and High Creatinine
Both Elevated
Lab interpretation · May 15, 2026
A lab result that suggests kidney waste is not clearing well.
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New High BUN with Low Creatinine Pattern
Lab interpretation · May 15, 2026
A lab result pattern that often points to dehydration or low muscle mass.
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New High Creatinine with Normal BUN
Lab interpretation · May 15, 2026
A creatinine result that needs kidney context, not blood urea nitrogen alone.
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New High Eosinophils
Absolute
Lab interpretation · Mar 9, 2026
A blood test result that shows how many eosinophils are present.
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New High Lymphocytes
Absolute
Lab interpretation · Mar 26, 2026
A higher than normal number of lymphocyte white blood cells in your blood.
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New High MCH
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin
Lab interpretation · May 15, 2026
Average amount of oxygen carrying protein in each red blood cell
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New High MCHC
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration
Lab interpretation · May 15, 2026
A blood test result that flags red cells that look unusually dense.
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New High Monocytes
Absolute
Lab interpretation · May 7, 2026
A blood count showing more of your cleanup immune cells than usual.
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New High MPV
Lab interpretation · Feb 15, 2026
A blood test measure of how large your platelets are.
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New High Neutrophils
Lab interpretation · Apr 25, 2026
A blood test result showing more infection fighting white cells than usual
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New High Non-HDL Cholesterol
Lab interpretation · Apr 13, 2026
Cholesterol carried in blood particles that can build up in arteries
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New High RDW
Red Cell Distribution Width
Lab interpretation · May 15, 2026
A blood test result showing red cells vary in size.
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New High Total Iron-Binding Capacity
TIBC
Lab interpretation · May 9, 2026
A blood test result that means your blood can still carry more iron.
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New High Triglycerides
Lab interpretation · May 15, 2026
A blood fat level that rises after eating and drinking alcohol.
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New High Unbound Iron-Binding Capacity
UIBC
Lab interpretation · Apr 1, 2026
A blood test result showing how much iron can still be carried.
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New HOMA-IR
Biomarker · Apr 13, 2026
A fasting calculation that estimates how hard your body works to keep glucose steady.
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New Homocysteine
Biomarker · May 5, 2026
Blood marker that can signal trouble recycling B vitamins.
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New Hormesis
Concept · Mar 15, 2026
A small dose of stress that can help the body adapt.
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New HPA Axis
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal
Biological process · Apr 13, 2026
The brain to adrenal hormone system that controls stress responses
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New IGF-1
Biomarker · May 11, 2026
A blood marker doctors use to estimate growth hormone activity over time.
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New Immunomodulator
Supplement category · Apr 4, 2026
A substance that changes how the immune system responds.
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New Increased Intestinal Permeability
'Leaky Gut'
Medical condition · May 15, 2026
A loosened gut lining that lets more material pass between cells
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New Informed Sport Certification
Certification · Feb 26, 2026
A supplement certification that checks each batch for banned substances before sale
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New Insulin Resistance
Medical condition · Apr 15, 2026
When the body needs extra insulin to keep blood sugar steady
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New Intention-to-Treat Analysis
ITT
Methodology · Jun 22, 2026
Trial analysis that keeps people in their assigned groups.
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New LDL Particle Number
LDL-P
Biomarker · Jun 24, 2026
It counts the LDL particles circulating in your blood.
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New Lipoprotein
a
Biomarker · Apr 21, 2026
A genetic cholesterol marker that can raise heart risk.
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New Liposomal Delivery
Chemical form · Apr 18, 2026
A fat based package that carries ingredients through digestion.
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New Low Alkaline Phosphatase
ALP
Lab interpretation · Apr 21, 2026
A low enzyme reading that can point to bone or nutrition problems.
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New Low BUN
Low Blood Urea Nitrogen
Lab interpretation · May 15, 2026
A low lab result that often reflects low protein, extra fluid, or pregnancy.
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New Low BUN/Creatinine Ratio
Lab interpretation · May 15, 2026
A lab result showing low urea compared with creatinine.
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New Low Eosinophils
Absolute
Lab interpretation · Mar 10, 2026
A low eosinophil count usually reflects steroids, stress, or illness.
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New Low Hematocrit
Lab interpretation · May 15, 2026
A test result showing less of your blood is made of red cells.
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New Low Lymphocytes
Absolute
Lab interpretation · May 1, 2026
Low count of lymphocyte immune cells in the blood
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New Low MCH
Lab interpretation · May 15, 2026
The average amount of hemoglobin inside each red blood cell.
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New Low MCHC
Lab interpretation · Mar 4, 2026
Red blood cells that do not carry enough hemoglobin.
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New Low Monocytes
Absolute
Lab interpretation · Mar 6, 2026
A low white blood cell count that can signal immune shifts.
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New Low RDW
Lab interpretation · May 15, 2026
A blood count result showing red blood cells are similar in size
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New Low Total Iron-Binding Capacity
TIBC
Lab interpretation · May 15, 2026
Blood test that shows less capacity to carry iron
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New Low Triglycerides
Lab interpretation · Mar 19, 2026
A blood fat number that often drops after fasting or weight loss.
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New Low Triglycerides + High HDL Pattern
Lab interpretation · May 15, 2026
A lipid pattern where blood fats are low and HDL is higher.
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New Low Unsaturated Iron-Binding Capacity
UIBC
Lab interpretation · Mar 24, 2026
A blood test result showing fewer empty iron carrying spots
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New Low-Dose Lithium
Tap Water Studies
Compound · May 19, 2026
Trace lithium found in drinking water and studied over time.
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New MCH Normal Values
Lab interpretation · May 15, 2026
The average amount of hemoglobin in each red blood cell.
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New Meta-Analysis
Methodology · Apr 1, 2026
A weighted summary of similar studies that shows the overall pattern.
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New Methylation Test
Genetic
Lab interpretation · May 5, 2026
A DNA result that hints at folate handling and homocysteine.
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New Micronization
Chemical form · Mar 13, 2026
Powder made into tiny particles for easier mixing and dissolving
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New Minimum Clinically Important Difference
MCID
Methodology · Jun 23, 2026
The smallest change in a score that people actually notice.
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New Mitochondrial Biogenesis
Biological process · Apr 17, 2026
Cells building more machinery for making energy after repeated demand
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New Mitochondrial Dysfunction
Medical condition · May 25, 2026
Cells cannot make enough usable energy to keep tissues working.
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New MPV Test
Mean Platelet Volume
Lab interpretation · May 2, 2026
A blood test marker that shows the average size of platelets
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New mTOR Pathway
Biological process · May 5, 2026
A cell signal that decides between growth and recycling
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New Nitric Oxide Synthesis
Biological process · Jun 25, 2026
A body signal that helps blood vessels relax and widen
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New Nocebo Effect
Methodology · Mar 24, 2026
Symptoms caused or intensified by warning, fear, or negative expectation.
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New Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
NAFLD
Medical condition · Apr 23, 2026
Fat buildup in the liver tied to metabolic problems
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New Non-GMO Project Verified
Certification · Mar 11, 2026
A private certification that checks products for GMO avoidance.
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New Non-HDL Cholesterol
Lab interpretation · May 15, 2026
A lab number that estimates cholesterol carried in artery entering particles.
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New Nootropic
Supplement category · Mar 21, 2026
A broad label for substances sold to support focus, memory, or mental energy.
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New Normal Creatinine Levels
Lab interpretation · May 15, 2026
Blood waste marker that helps estimate how well kidneys are filtering.
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New Normal Eosinophil Range
Lab interpretation · May 4, 2026
A blood test result that shows how many eosinophils you have.
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New Normal Neutrophil Range
Lab interpretation · Apr 9, 2026
The neutrophil count labs use to judge infection risk.
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New Normal Uric Acid Values
Lab interpretation · Apr 8, 2026
A blood test result that shows how much uric acid is in your body
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New Nrf2 Pathway
Biological process · May 9, 2026
Cell defense switch that turns on protective genes during stress
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New NSF Certified
Certification · Apr 19, 2026
An outside check of a supplement's label and contents.
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New NSF Certified for Sport
Certification · May 9, 2026
A certification that checks sports supplements for banned substances and contamination.
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New Number Needed to Treat
NNT
Methodology · Apr 3, 2026
A way to show how many people need treatment for one benefit
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New Nutrigenomics
Scientific field · Apr 7, 2026
The study of how food changes how genes work.
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New Omega-3 Index
Biomarker · Feb 27, 2026
A slow blood test readout of your omega 3 status over months.
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New Open-Label Extension
OLE
Methodology · Jun 29, 2026
A follow-up study phase where everyone knows which treatment they get
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New Overtraining Syndrome
Medical condition · May 19, 2026
A prolonged drop in performance caused by too much stress and too little recovery
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New P-Hacking
Methodology · Mar 1, 2026
Hidden analysis choices that can make a result look real
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New Pharmacodynamics
Scientific field · Apr 18, 2026
How a drug creates an effect in the body
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New Pharmacokinetics
Scientific field · May 11, 2026
How the body handles a substance from entry to exit over time.
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New Placebo Effect
Methodology · Feb 20, 2026
Real symptom change caused by expectation, not an active ingredient.
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New Postbiotic
Supplement category · Apr 27, 2026
A nonliving microbe product that has shown a benefit.
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New Pre-Registration
Methodology · Jun 20, 2026
A study plan recorded before researchers see the results.
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New Prodrug
Chemical form · Feb 28, 2026
A medicine form the body must convert before it works.
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New Publication Bias
Methodology · Apr 13, 2026
Studies with positive results are more likely to get published.
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New Racemic Mixture
Chemical form · Mar 26, 2026
A mix of two mirror image forms in equal amounts.
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New Randomized Controlled Trial
RCT
Methodology · Apr 23, 2026
A study design that assigns people by chance to compare treatments fairly.
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New Receptor Downregulation
Biological process · Apr 18, 2026
Cells lower receptor availability after repeated stimulation over time.
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New Regression to the Mean
Methodology · Mar 22, 2026
Extreme results often move closer to normal when measured again.
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New Resting Metabolic Rate
RMR
Biomarker · Apr 11, 2026
Calories your body burns while resting to keep vital functions running
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New Reverse T3
Biomarker · Jun 21, 2026
A thyroid byproduct that often rises when the body is under stress.
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New Sarcopenia
Medical condition · May 13, 2026
Age related loss of muscle strength that makes daily movement harder.
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New Secretagogue
Supplement category · Apr 16, 2026
A trigger that makes cells release a substance.
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New Senolytic
Supplement category · Apr 24, 2026
A compound studied for clearing out worn out senescent cells.
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New SHBG
Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin
Biomarker · Jun 19, 2026
Blood protein that carries sex hormones and changes hormone availability.
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New Sirtuins
Biological process · May 10, 2026
Cell enzymes that help cells manage stress and energy use
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New Spore-Forming Probiotics
Supplement category · May 19, 2026
Dormant bacteria that survive harsh conditions in a protective spore
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New Stack
Nootropic / Supplement Stack
Supplement category · Jun 14, 2026
A planned mix of supplements or ingredients taken together on purpose.
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New Statins and CoQ10 Depletion
Drug class · Apr 18, 2026
A compound your body makes for muscle energy, partly through cholesterol steps.
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New Steady State
Concept · Mar 7, 2026
The point where input and removal stay in balance over time.
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New Stereoisomers
Chemical form · Apr 19, 2026
Molecules with the same atoms, but arranged differently in space.
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New Sublingual Absorption
Chemical form · May 16, 2026
A way some medicines enter the bloodstream through tissue under the tongue
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New Surrogate Endpoint
Methodology · Jun 26, 2026
An earlier measure used instead of a real health outcome.
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New Symptoms of High Testosterone
Lab interpretation · May 15, 2026
An elevated amount of testosterone in the blood
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New Synbiotic
Supplement category · Mar 10, 2026
A product that pairs live microbes with food for them
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New Systematic Review
Methodology · Feb 28, 2026
A planned way to find and judge all relevant studies
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New Therapeutic Window
Concept · May 11, 2026
The dose or blood level range where a medicine helps without causing harm.
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New Thermogenic
Supplement category · Mar 13, 2026
A stimulant heavy product designed to slightly raise calorie burn.
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New Tocotrienols
Compound · Apr 8, 2026
A vitamin E form found in certain oils and grains.
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New Uric Acid Levels
Lab interpretation · Apr 13, 2026
A blood test that measures urate linked to gout and stones
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New Urine Creatinine Test
Lab interpretation · Apr 23, 2026
A urine concentration check that helps interpret other urine results.
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New USP Verified
Certification · May 3, 2026
An independent seal showing a supplement met outside quality checks.
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New VO2 Max
Biomarker · May 3, 2026
A number showing how much oxygen your body uses at maximum effort.
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New Washout Period
Concept · May 22, 2026
The planned waiting time for a previous substance to clear.
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New Zonulin
Biomarker · Apr 23, 2026
A gut protein that can briefly open the spaces between cells.